Cardiac sodium channels are integral membrane proteins whose structure is not known at atomic level yet and their molecular kinetics is still being studied through mathematical modeling. This study has focused on adapting an existing model of cardiac Na channel to analyze molecular kinetics of channels at 9-37oC. Irvine et al developed a Markov model for Na channel using Neuronal Network Model as a framework. They produced state diagram for channel with 5 close, 2 open, and 5 close-inactivated and one inactivated states. Transitions are expressed as DH and DS and an effective valence (z) terms. Almost all of rate constants are voltage and Temperature dependent. The model fails to reproduce kinetics at Temperature higher than 25oC. A practical approach would be to scale up each rate constant by its own Q10. As Temperature is increased, time constants and recovery rate decrease and increase respectively. First latencies decrease with Temperature at (–100)-20 mV. Open probability of channels does not follow Temperature suggesting that at higher Temperature a larger fraction of channels are inactivated before they reach open state. This study exhibits a reasonable model for single channel ionic current and its recovery from inactivation for a voltage range of (–100)-20 mV at 9-37oC. Our approach may lead to more detailed molecular kinetics of Na channels resulting in better understanding of arrhythmias and Na channel based nervous system malfunction.

This study is limited to study of buckling analysis of a sandwich cylindrical shell with functionally graded face sheets and homogenous core. High-order sandwich plate theory is improved by considering the in-plane stresses of the core that usually are ignored in the analysis of sandwich structures. Assume that all properties of the face sheets and the core are Temperature dependent. Strain components are obtained by using the nonlinear Von-Karman type relations. The equilibrium equations are derived via principle of minimum potential energy. Analytical solution for static analysis of simply supported sandwich conical shells with functionally graded face sheets under axial in-plane compressive loads and in the Temperature environments is performed by using Navier‟ s solution. The results show the critical dimensionless static axial loads are affected by the configurations of the constituent materials, compositional profile variations, Temperature and the variation of the sandwich geometry. The comparisons show that the present results are in the good agreement with the numerical results.

The present research discusses a generalized thermoelastic model with variable thermal material properties and derivatives based on memory. Based on this new model, an infinitely long homogeneous, isotropic elastic body with a cylindrical hole is analyzed for thermal behavior analysis. The governing equations are deduced by the application of the principle of memory-dependent derivatives and the generalized law on heat conduction. In a numerical form, the governing differential equations are solved utilizing the Laplace transform technique. Numerical calculations are shown in graphs to explain the effects of the thermal variable material properties and memory dependent derivatives. In addition, the response of the cylindrical hole is studied through the effects of many parameters such as time delay, the kernel function and boundary conditions. The results obtained with those from previous literature are finally verified.

The rheological behaviour of plastisols used in coated fabrics was studied by using a computer controlled concentric cylinder viscometer over the Temperature range of 20-70°C. The results indicated that these pastes behave as Newtonian to pseudo-plastic fluids over the Temperature range studied and the flow behaviour can be adequately described by the power-law model. The changes in the flow behaviour index (n) with Temperature were statistically negligible (P<0.05). Both consistency index (k) and apparent viscosity (h) decreased with increase in Temperature. The effect of Temperature on the viscosity of the paste was modelled using the Arrhenius model. The activation energy for the Temperature range of 20-42°C, varied between 3.90 and 4.64 kJ.mol-1. Increase in the Temperature of the paste had influence on Newtonian behaviour of the paste.